BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Designers, Engineers, Contractors, and Facility Managers 3rd Edition

Discover BIM: A better way to build better buildings

Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers a novel approach to design, construction, and facility management in which a digital representation of the building product and process is used to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital format. BIM is beginning to change the way buildings look, the way they function, and the ways in which they are designed and built.

The BIM Handbook, Third Edition provides an in-depth understanding of BIM technologies, the business and organizational issues associated with its implementation, and the profound advantages that effective use of BIM can provide to all members of a project team. Updates to this edition include:

• Information on the ways in which professionals should use BIM to gain maximum value
• New topics such as collaborative working, national and major construction clients, BIM standards and guides
• A discussion on how various professional roles have expanded through the widespread use and the new avenues of BIM practices and services
• A wealth of new case studies that clearly illustrate exactly how BIM is applied in a wide variety of conditions

Painting a colorful and thorough picture of the state of the art in building information modeling, the BIM Handbook, Third Edition guides readers to successful implementations, helping them to avoid needless frustration and costs and take full advantage of this paradigm-shifting approach to construct better buildings that consume fewer materials and require less time, labor, and capital resources.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword to the Third Edition xvii

Preface xxi

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

1.0 Executive Summary 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 The Current AEC Business Model 2

1.2.1 Design-Bid-Build 4

1.2.2 Design-Build 6

1.2.3 Construction Management at Risk 7

1.2.4 Integrated Project Delivery 7

1.2.5 What Kind of Building Procurement Is

Best When BIM Is Used? 9

1.3 Documented Inefficiencies of Traditional

Approaches 9

1.3.1 CIFE Study of Construction Industry

Labor Productivity 10

1.3.2 NIST Study of Cost of Construction

Industry Inefficiency 12

1.4 BIM: New Tools and New Processes 13

1.4.1 BIM Platforms and Tools 13

1.4.2 BIM Processes 14

1.4.3 Definition of Parametric Objects 17

1.4.4 Support for Project Team Collaboration 17

1.5 BIM as a Lifecycle Platform 18

1.6 What Is Not a BIM Platform? 19

1.7 What Are the Benefits of BIM? What Problems

Does It Address? 20

1.7.1 Preconstruction Benefits to Owner 21

1.7.2 Benefits for Design 21

1.7.3 Construction and Fabrication Benefits 23

1.7.4 Post Construction Benefits 25

1.8 BIM and Lean Construction 25

1.9 What Challenges Can be Expected? 28

1.9.1 Challenges with Collaboration and

Teaming 28

1.9.2 Legal Changes to Documentation

Ownership and Production 29

1.9.3 Changes in Practice and Use of

Information 29

1.9.4 Implementation Issues 29

1.10 Future of Designing and Building With BIM 30

1.11 Case Studies 30

Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 31

CHAPTER 2 Core Technologies and Software 32

2.0 Executive Summary 32

2.1 The Evolution to Object-Based Parametric

Modeling 33

2.1.1 Early 3D Modeling 34

2.1.2 Degrees of Parametric Modeling 44

2.1.3 Predefined versus User-Defined

Parametric Objects and Libraries 45

2.2 Beyond Parametric Shapes 48

2.2.1 Property and Attribute Handling 48

2.2.2 Drawing Generation 50

2.2.3 Scalability 52

2.2.4 Object Management and Links 53

2.2.5 Some Commonly Asked Questions 55

2.3 BIM Environments, Platforms, and Tools 57

2.3.1 Considerations for BIM Design

Applications 60

2.3.2 Considerations for a BIM Environment 62

2.4 BIM Model Quality and Model Checking 62

2.5 BIM Platforms 64

2.5.1 Allplan 65

2.5.2 ArchiCAD 66

2.5.3 Bentley Systems 68

2.5.4 DESTINI Profiler 69

2.5.5 Digital Project 70

2.5.6 Revit 72

2.5.7 Tekla Structures 73

2.5.8 Vectorworks 74

2.5.9 AutoCAD-Based Applications 75

2.6 Design Review Applications 76

2.6.1 Model Viewers 77

2.6.2 Model Integration Tools 79

2.6.3 Model Checkers 80

2.7 Conclusion 82

Chapter 2 Discussion Questions 83

CHAPTER 3 Collaboration and Interoperability 85

3.0 Executive Summary 85

3.1 Introduction 86

3.2 Different Kinds of Data Exchange Methods 88

3.3 Background of Product Data Models 95

3.3.1 Modeling Languages 95

3.3.2 ISO-STEP in Building Construction 96

3.3.3 buildingSMART and IFC 100

3.3.4 What Is the IFC? 100

3.3.5 IDM and MVD 105

3.4 Other Efforts Supporting Standardization 107

3.4.1 buildingSMART Data Dictionary 107

3.4.2 OmniClass 107

3.4.3 COBie 108

3.4.4 XML-Based Schemas 110

3.5 The Evolution from File-Based Exchange to BIM

Servers 112

3.5.1 Project Transactions and

Synchronization 113

3.5.2 Functionality of BIM Servers 118

3.5.3 BIM Server Review 121

3.6 Interfacing Technologies 124

3.6.1 Semi-Automated Approaches 125

3.6.2 Semantic Approaches 126

Chapter 3 Discussion Questions 128

CHAPTER 4 BIM for Owners and Facility Managers 130

4.0 Executive Summary 130

4.1 Introduction: Why Owners Should Care About

BIM 131

4.2 Owner’s Role in a BIM Project 133

4.2.1 Design Assessment 133

4.2.2 Complexity of Building Infrastructure

and Building Environment 139

4.2.3 Sustainability 140

4.2.4 Public Construction Agencies: BIM

Adoption Guidelines 140

4.3 Cost and Time Management 142

4.3.1 Cost Management 142

4.3.2 Time to Market: Schedule

Management 144

4.3.3 Facility and Information Asset

Management 148

4.3.4 BIM Tool Guide for Owners 149

4.3.5 BIM Cost Estimating Tools 150

4.3.6 Facility and Asset Management Tools 150

4.3.7 Operation Simulation Tools 154

4.4 An Owner and Facility Manager’s Building

Model 154

4.4.1 Information Content of BIM-FM Model 154

4.4.2 Alternative Approaches to Creating a

BIM-FM Model 155

4.4.3 Classification of Model Data and

Standards 157

4.5 Leading the BIM Implementation on a Project 160

4.5.1 Develop Guidelines for Use of BIM on

Projects 162

4.5.2 Build Internal Leadership and

Knowledge 164

4.5.3 Service Provider Selection 165

4.5.4 Provide for Use of a “Big Room” for

Design and Construction 167

4.6 Barriers to Implementing BIM: Risks and

Common Myths 167

4.7 Issues for Owners to Consider when Adopting

BIM 171

Chapter 4 Discussion Questions 173

CHAPTER 5 BIM for Architects and Engineers 175

5.0 Executive Summary 175

5.1 Introduction 177

5.2 Scope of Design Services 179

5.2.1 Collaborative Forms of Project Delivery 180

5.2.2 The Concept of Information

Development 182

5.2.3 Civil and Infrastructure Design 184

5.3 BIM Use in Design Processes 186

5.3.1 Concept Design 187

5.3.2 Prefabrication 197

5.3.3 Analysis, Simulation, and

Optimization 197

5.3.4 Construction-Level Building Models 204

5.3.5 Design-Construction Integration 211

5.3.6 Design Review 212

5.4 Building Object Models and Libraries 215

5.4.1 Embedding Expertise into Building

Components 216

5.4.2 Object Libraries 217

5.4.3 BOM Portals 220

5.4.4 Desktop/LAN Libraries 221

5.5 Considerations in Adoption for Design Practice 223

5.5.1 Justification and Platform Selection 223

5.5.2 Phased Utilization 225

Chapter 5 Discussion Questions 226

CHAPTER 6 BIM for Contractors 228

6.0 Executive Summary 228

6.1 Introduction 230

6.2 Types of Construction Firms 231

6.3 Information Contractors Want from BIM 232

6.4 BIM-Enabled Process Change 234

6.4.1 Leaner Construction 234

6.4.2 Less Paper in Construction 236

6.4.3 Increased Distribution of Work 237

6.5 Developing a Construction Building Information

Model 237

6.5.1 Production Detailing 239

6.5.2 Big Room Co-location On-site 240

6.6 Using a Contractor Building Information Model 241

6.7 3D: Visualization and Coordination 243

6.8 4D: Construction Analysis and Planning 245

6.8.1 4D Models to Support Construction

Planning 246

6.8.2 Benefits of 4D Models 249

6.8.3 BIM Tools with 4D Capability 250

6.8.4 BIM-Supported Planning and

Scheduling Issues and Guidelines 254

6.9 5D: Quantity Takeoff and Cost Estimating 255

6.9.1 Extracting Quantities from BIM Models

for Estimating 257

6.9.2 Guidelines and BIM Implementation

Issues to Support Quantity Takeoff and

Estimating 258

6.10 Production Planning and Control 260

6.11 Off-site Fabrication and Modular Construction 261

6.12 BIM in the Field 263

6.12.1 Delivering Design Information to the

Field 263

6.12.2 Coordinating Production 267

6.12.3 Surveying Site Conditions 268

6.13 Cost and Schedule Control and Other

Management Functions 270

6.14 Commissioning and Turnover 272

Chapter 6 Discussion Questions 273

CHAPTER 7 BIM for Subcontractors and Fabricators 275

7.0 Executive Summary 275

7.1 Introduction 276

7.2 Types of Subcontractors and Fabricators 278

7.2.1 Subcontractor Trades 279

7.2.2 Made-to-Stock and Made-to-Order

Component Suppliers 280

7.2.3 Engineered-to-Order Component

Fabricators 281

7.2.4 Design Service Providers and

Specialist Coordinators 282

7.2.5 Full-Service Design-Build Prefabricated

and Modular Construction 283

7.3 The Benefits of a BIM Process for Subcontractor

Fabricators 283

7.3.1 Marketing and Tendering 285

7.3.2 Reduced Production Cycle Times 286

7.3.3 Reduced Design Coordination Errors 287

7.3.4 Lower Engineering and Detailing Costs 291

7.3.5 Increased Use of Automated

Manufacturing Technologies 292

7.3.6 Increased Preassembly, Prefabrication,

and Modular Construction 293

7.3.7 Quality Control, Supply Chain

Management, and Lifecycle

Maintenance 296

7.4 Generic BIM System Requirements for

Fabricators 298

7.4.1 Parametric and Customizable Parts

and Relationships 298

7.4.2 Reporting Components for Fabrication 302

7.4.3 Interface to Management Information

Systems 303

7.4.4 Interoperability 303

7.4.5 Information Visualization 304

7.4.6 Automation of Fabrication Tasks 304

7.5 Specific BIM Requirements for Fabrication 305

7.5.1 Traditional ETO Component

Fabricators 306

7.5.2 Modular Construction 314

7.5.3 3D Printing and Robotic Construction 315

7.6 Adopting BIM in a Fabrication Operation 317

7.6.1 Setting Appropriate Goals 317

7.6.2 Adoption Activities 318

7.6.3 Planning the Pace of Change 320

7.6.4 Human Resource Considerations 321

Chapter 7 Discussion Questions 322

CHAPTER 8 Facilitators of BIM Adoption and Implementation 323

8.0 Executive Summary 323

8.1 Introduction 324

8.2 BIM Mandates 324

8.2.1 Significance of Government BIM

Mandates 325

8.2.2 The Status of Government BIM

Mandates around the World 325

8.2.3 Motivations 327

8.2.4 BIM Requirements 328

8.2.5 Challenges and Considerations 329

8.3 BIM Roadmaps, Maturity Models, and

Measures 330

8.3.1 BIM Roadmaps 330

8.3.2 BIM Maturity Models 335

8.3.3 BIM Measures 339

8.4 BIM Guides 340

8.4.1 BIM Guides by Region and

Organization 340

8.4.2 BIM Guides by Topic 342

8.5 BIM Education and Training 345

8.5.1 Transition of Senior Staff 346

8.5.2 BIM Roles and Responsibilities 346

8.5.3 Industry Training and Certificate

Programs 349

8.5.4 University Education Programs 355

8.5.5 Considerations for Training and

Deployment 356

8.6 Legal, Security, and Best Practice Issues 358

8.6.1 Legal and Intellectual Property Issues 358

8.6.2 Cyber Security for BIM 360

8.6.3 Best Practices and Other Social Issues 361

Acknowledgments 361

Chapter 8 Discussion Questions 362

CHAPTER 9 The Future: Building with BIM 364

9.0 Executive Summary 364

9.1 Introduction 366

9.2 BIM Before 2000: Predicting Trends 367

9.3 Development and Impact of BIM: 2000 to

2017 370

9.3.1 Impact on Owners: Better Options,

Better Reliability 371

9.3.2 Impact on the Design Professions 373

9.3.3 Impact on Construction Companies 373

9.3.4 Impact on Building Material and

Component Suppliers 374

9.3.5 Impact on Construction Education:

Integrated Education 374

9.3.6 Impact on Statutory Authorities: Model

Access and Review 375

9.3.7 Impact on Project Documentation:

On-Demand Drawings 375

9.3.8 Impact on BIM Tools: More Integration,

More Specialization, More Information 376

9.4 Current Trends 376

9.4.1 Process Trends 377

9.4.2 Technology Trends 381

9.4.3 Integrative Process and Technology

Trends 382

9.4.4 Trends in BIM Research 383

9.4.5 Obstacles to Change 385

9.5 Vision 2025 386

9.5.1 Thoroughly Digital Design and

Construction 387

9.5.2 A New Culture of Innovation in

Construction 388

9.5.3 Off-site Construction 389

9.5.4 Construction Regulation: Automated

Code-Checking 390

9.5.5 Artificial Intelligence in Construction 391

9.5.6 Globalization 393

9.5.7 Support for Sustainable Construction 393

9.6 Beyond 2025 394

Acknowledgment 397

Chapter 9 Discussion Questions 397

CHAPTER 10 BIM Case Studies 398

10.0 Introduction 398

Acknowledgments 401

10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin 405

10.1.1 Introduction 405

10.1.2 Motivation for the Project 406

10.1.3 The Building 406

10.1.4 The NCH Project 407

10.1.5 The BIM Execution Plan (BEP) 408

10.1.6 Visualization, Simulation, and Design

Optimization 412

10.1.7 Summary of BIM Benefits 418

Acknowledgments 419

10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 419

10.2.1 Project Overview 419

10.2.2 Complex Spatial Arrangement:

BIM-Based Design Coordination 422

10.2.3 Free-Form Patterned Exterior:

Panelization 423

10.2.4 Mega Truss Structure: Laser Scanning 426

10.2.5 Perception Gap between Participants:

VR and 4D Simulation 430

10.2.6 Needs for Schedule Reduction:

Multi-trade Prefabrication 433

10.2.7 Lessons Learned and Conclusion 436

Acknowledgments 437

10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris 437

10.3.1 Introduction 437

10.3.2 Project Design Workflow and Software

Technology 438

10.3.3 Design of the Structure and Sails 441

10.3.4 Model Analyses 442

10.3.5 Generative Detailing Using 3D

Intelligent Components 443

10.3.6 Concrete Iceberg Panelization and

Optimization for Fabrication 445

10.3.7 Fabrication of the Glass Sails 446

10.3.8 Integrated Use of the BIM Model 448

10.3.9 Lessons Learned 449

10.3.10 Conclusion 450

Acknowledgments 451

10.4 Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul,

South Korea 451

10.4.1 Introduction 451

10.4.2 Challenges during the Design Phase 452

10.4.3 Challenges during the Construction

Phase 456

10.4.4 BIM to Fabrication 460

10.4.5 Lessons Learned 464

10.4.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 467

Acknowledgments 468

10.5 Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver 468

10.5.1 Organizational Structure and the

Collaboration Agreement 469

10.5.2 The BIM Execution Plan 471

10.5.3 Simulations and Analyses 474

10.5.4 BIM Support for Prefabrication 474

10.5.5 Ensuring Metrics Help Inform Future

Efforts 477

10.5.6 Risk and Safety Benefits of BIM and

Prefabrication 478

10.5.7 BIM in the Field 479

10.5.8 BIM for Facility Management 479

10.5.9 Lessons Learned: Best Practices 480

Acknowledgments 481

Online Sources 481

10.6 Victoria Station, London Underground 482

10.6.1 History 482

10.6.2 The Project 483

10.6.3 Engineering Challenges 487

10.6.4 The Role of BIM 488

10.6.5 BIM Benefits to the Project 497

10.6.6 Postscript 498

Acknowledgments 498

10.7 Nanyang Technological University Student

Residence Halls, Singapore 499

10.7.1 Introduction 499

10.7.2 Project Overview 499

10.7.3 Project Organization/Management 503

10.7.4 PPVC Workflow 503

10.7.5 BIM Implementation 508

10.7.6 Parametric PPVC Library 509

10.7.7 Benefits Realization 518

10.7.8 Conclusion and Lessons Learned 520

Acknowledgments 522

10.8 Mapletree Business City II, Singapore 522

10.8.1 Introduction 522

10.8.2 Communication and Collaboration

Issues 528

10.8.3 BIM Coordination Meetings 529

10.8.4 BIM Execution Planning 532

10.8.5 Data Exchange 532

10.8.6 Productivity Gains 533

10.8.7 Innovative Uses of BIM 535

10.8.8 Simulation and Analysis 541

10.8.9 BIM in the Field 544

10.8.10 Conclusion 552

Acknowledgments 554

10.9 Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International

Airport, Medina, UAE 554

10.9.1 Project Information 554

10.9.2 Novel/Innovative Use of BIM 555

10.9.3 Communication and Collaboration 558

10.9.4 Stakeholder Involvement 559

10.9.5 Risk 561

10.9.6 BIM in the Field 566

10.9.7 Lessons Learned: Problems,

Challenges, Solutions 567

10.9.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook 573

Acknowledgments 574

10.10 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy

Chase, Maryland 574

10.10.1 Introduction 574

10.10.2 Background 575

10.10.3 The Challenges 576

10.10.4 An FM-Capable BIM 577

10.10.5 Impact Analysis Using an FM-Capable

BIM 580

10.10.6 Lessons Learned Thus Far 582

10.10.7 The Path Forward 583

Acknowledgments 583

10.11 Stanford Neuroscience Health Center, Palo

Alto, California 584

10.11.1 Introduction 584

10.11.2 Project Details 586

10.11.3 The Pilot 587

10.11.4 Making the Case 588

10.11.5 The Journey 589

10.11.6 The Team 589

10.11.7 Executing the Pilot 591

10.11.8 Use Case Metrics 594

10.11.9 Results of Use Cases 600

10.11.10 Summary of Benefits 605

10.11.11 BIM Costs and Impact on Annual

Budget 607

10.11.12 Lessons Learned 608

10.11.13 Conclusion and Future Outlook 613

Acknowledgments 613

Glossary 614

References 623

Index 639